The present global biota has been affected by fluctuating Pleistocene (last
1.8 million years) concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide, temperature, precipitation, and has coped through evolutionary changes, and the adoption of natural adaptive strategies. Such climate changes, however, occurred over an extended period of time in a landscape that was not as fragmented as it is today and with little or no additional pressure from human activities. Habitat fragmentation has confined many species to relatively small areas within their previous ranges, resulting in reduced genetic variability. Warming beyond the ceiling of temperatures reached during the Pleistocene will stress ecosystems and their biodiversity far beyond the levels imposed by the global climatic change that occurred in the recent evolutionary past.
Current rates and magnitude of species extinction far exceed normal background rates. Human activities have already resulted in the loss of biodiversity and thus may have affected goods and services crucial for human well-being. The rate and magnitude of climate change induced by increased greenhouse gases emissions has and will continue to affect biodiversity either directly or in combination with other drivers of change
Biodiversity can help us cope with the impact of climate change in many ways. Protecting biodiversity can, for instance, help limit atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations because forests, peatlands and other habitats are major stores of carbon. Healthy ecosystems can also help mitigate climate change impacts, for instance, by absorbing excess flood water or buffering us against coastal erosion or extreme weather events. Therefore ecosystems based approaches should be an integral part of the overall adaptation and mitigation effort. This can be achieved by ensuring the effective management and restoration of Natura 2000 areas, developing a green infrastructure, and working with- rather than against – nature. Current rates and magnitude of species extinction far exceed normal background rates. Human activities have already resulted in the loss of biodiversity and thus may have affected goods and services crucial for human well-being. The rate and magnitude of climate change induced by increased greenhouse gases emissions has and will continue to affect biodiversity either directly or in combination with other drivers of change
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